Hardness

Hardness is the concentration of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, etc., usually acquired as rainwater percolates through rock.  In most natural waters, calcium and magnesium salts contribute most of the hardness with only trace amounts of other metals.  

Fish Health: Low hardness may increase the uptake of metals (e.g., cadmium) in fish.  

Habitat:  Lower hardness concentrations are more susceptible to acidic shocks from wastewater discharge, agricultural runoff, and acid rainfall.

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